Connexins and pannexins in the skeleton: gap junctions,hemichannels and more

Regulation of bone homeostasis depends on the concerted actions of bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts, controlled by osteocytes, cells derived from osteoblasts surrounded by bone matrix. The control of differentiation, viability and function of bone cells relies on the presence of connexins. Connexin43 regulates the expression of genes required for osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation directly or by changing the levels of osteocytic genes, and connexin45 may oppose connexin43 actions in osteoblastic cells. Connexin37 is required for osteoclast differentiation and its deletion results in increased bone mass. Less is known on the role of connexins in cartilage, ligaments and tendons. Connexin43, connexin45, connexin32, connexin46 and connexin29 are expressed in chondrocytes, while connexin43 and connexin32 are expressed in ligaments and tendons. Similarly, although the expression of pannexin1, pannexin2 and pannexin3 has been demonstrated in bone and cartilage cells, their function in these tissues is not fully understood.     

汽车中冷器与散热器综合性能试验台的研制

介绍了一种由风洞系统、工况控制系统、循环水系统和压缩空气系统组合而成的汽车中冷器与散热器综合性能试验台,以提高试验台测试精度作为设计思路。试验台通过双路工况制冷系统、环境室、旁通风道等设备的添加,提高了试验台试验工况的控制精度和调整响应速度,通过双路工况制冷系统设置,还扩大了试验台性能测试范围。     

普通话在线游戏学习系统的研究与应用

针对希望进一步掌握普通话口语学习的外国学习者,该研究提出了一种普通话游戏学习系统.系统的学习模式结合了计算机技术和语言学研究成果,打破了传统的教学模式的限制,对学习者进行实时评测,提供学习报告与口语学习的最终评定结果.结果表明,该系统能够较为有效地辅助外国学习者的普通话口语学习.     

Laccases of prokaryotic origin: enzymes at the interface of protein science and protein technology

The ubiquitous members of the multicopper oxidase family of enzymes oxidize a range of aromatic substrates such as polyphenols, methoxy-substituted phenols, amines and inorganic compounds, concomitantly with the reduction of molecular dioxygen to water. This family of enzymes can be broadly divided into two functional classes: metalloxidases and laccases. Several prokaryotic metalloxidases have been described in the last decade showing a robust activity towards metals, such as Cu(I), Fe(II) or Mn(II) and have been implicated in the metal metabolism of the corresponding microorganisms. Many laccases, with a superior efficiency for oxidation of organic compounds when compared with metals, have also been identified and characterized from prokaryotes, playing roles that more closely conform to those of intermediary metabolism. This review aims to present an update of current knowledge on prokaryotic multicopper oxidases, with a special emphasis on laccases, anticipating their enormous potential for industrial and environmental applications.     

Massive glycosaminoglycan-dependent entry of Trp-containing cell-penetrating peptides induced by exogenous sphingomyelinase or cholesterol depletion

Among non-invasive cell delivery strategies, cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) vectors represent interesting new tools. To get fundamental knowledge about the still debated internalisation mechanisms of these peptides, we modified the membrane content of cells, typically by hydrolysis of sphingomyelin or depletion of cholesterol from the membrane outer leaflet. We quantified and visualised the effect of these viable cell surface treatments on the internalisation efficiency of different CPPs, among which the most studied Tat, R₉, penetratin and analogues, that all carry the N-terminal biotin-Gly₄ tag cargo. Under these cell membrane treatments, only penetratin and R₆W₃ underwent a massive glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-dependent entry in cells. Internalisation of the other peptides was only slightly increased, similarly in the absence or the presence of GAGs for R₉, and only in the presence of GAGs for Tat and R₆L₃. Ceramide formation (or cholesterol depletion) is known to lead to the reorganisation of membrane lipid domains into larger platforms, which can serve as a trap and cluster receptors. These results show that GAG clustering, enhanced by formation of ceramide, is efficiently exploited by penetratin and R₆W₃, which contains Trp residues in their sequence but not Tat, R₉ and R₆L₃. Hence, these data shed new lights on the differences in the internalisation mechanism and pathway of these peptides that are widely used in delivery of cargo molecules.     

等候区手术患者家属的心理影响因素及干预措施

目的:探讨等候区手术患者家属的心理影响因素及其干预措施.方法:通过临床护理实践及查阅相关文献进行总结分析.结果:影响因素及其干预措施包括详解病情及手术风险性;对手术环境及术中情况的告知;完善急诊手术患者家属心理干预;根据不同文化水平进行健康宣教;尽量以病情为主,设计最经济有效的治疗方案;提高医护人员从业技能及道德品质.结论:对等候区手术患者家属进行积极有效的心理干预,可很大程度上减轻患者家属的焦虑程度,缓和医患关系,一定程度上提升了医疗质量.     

张掖市农作物秸秆资源静脉产业链构建

为解决农作物秸秆资源化再利用问题,在统计数据与参考文献的基础上,利用草谷比系数、可收集利用系数、养分含量对张掖市秸秆产量及养分进行了估算,2008-2012年秸秆的估算产量为582.06万吨,含氮3.11万吨,磷1.87万吨,钾4.98万吨,分析了张掖市秸秆的利用现状.为提高资源利用率,保护生态环境,以张掖市2012年129.99万吨秸秆资源为基础,根据产业发展的实际,设计构建了包括肥料、饲料、食用菌、沼气、生活燃料、工业产品等6个链条在内的秸秆资源静脉产业链,可在不增加投入的情况下,多产生8.87亿元的直接经济效益,为张掖市及其他地区提供农业废弃物资源化处理及清洁生产的有效范式.     

The growth plate’s response to load is partially mediated by mechano-sensing via the chondrocytic primary cilium

Mechanical load plays a significant role in bone and growth-plate development. Chondrocytes sense and respond to mechanical stimulation; however, the mechanisms by which those signals exert their effects are not fully understood. The primary cilium has been identified as a mechano-sensor in several cell types, including renal epithelial cells and endothelium, and accumulating evidence connects it to mechano-transduction in chondrocytes. In the growth plate, the primary cilium is involved in several regulatory pathways, such as the non-canonical Wnt and Indian Hedgehog. Moreover, it mediates cell shape, orientation, growth, and differentiation in the growth plate. In this work, we show that mechanical load enhances ciliogenesis in the growth plate. This leads to alterations in the expression and localization of key members of the Ihh-PTHrP loop resulting in decreased proliferation and an abnormal switch from proliferation to differentiation, together with abnormal chondrocyte morphology and organization. Moreover, we use the chondrogenic cell line ATDC5, a model for growth-plate chondrocytes, to understand the mechanisms mediating the participation of the primary cilium, and in particular KIF3A, in the cell’s response to mechanical stimulation. We show that this key component of the cilium mediates gene expression in response to mechanical stimulation.     

沉积型微生物燃料电池对 模拟湖泊水中磷的去除

沉积型微生物燃料电池(SMFC)是借助于沉积物中具有电化学活性微生物的催化作用,氧化沉积物中有机物以获得电能的一种装置,它具有用于淡水水体的原位修复的潜力.以湖泊底泥为阳极底物,含磷模拟配水为阴极液,构建了SMFC系统,研究了其产电性能及其对水中总磷去除的影响.结果表明,构建的SMFC系统可成功产电,运行22 d后输出电压达到最大值0.28 V(外电阻为1 000Ω).稳定运行期间,底泥烧失量由4.42%降低至1.91%;底泥氧化还原电位显著提高,由初始的-254 m V上升至-183 m V;溶液p H由初始的6.02上升至7.34;水中总磷浓度由10 mg/L降低至0.13 mg/L,这可能与SMFC使底泥电位、p H升高有关.